Thursday, January 30, 2020
Mary Whiton Calkins Essay Example for Free
Mary Whiton Calkins Essay In the early days of psychology there were few female psychologists who had any type of impact on the field of psychology. There was sex discrimination and it was a common belief that women were inferior to men. Mary Whiton Calkins was able to beat the odds and have a long lasting legacy in psychology. She is considered one of the pioneers in psychology and is credited with a major theoretical contribution of self-psychology, which was centered on the idea that all consciousness is personal. Calkins overcame discrimination from both students and scholars and succeeded in inventing a procedure that was historic; paired associate learning, which has become the standard method in cognitive research (Goodwin, 2008). Mary Whiton Calkins was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1863. She was the oldest of five children; their parents encouraged their education, especially the study of languages and cultures (Furumoto, 1980). Calkins did graduate from high school in Newton Massachusetts and began Smith College in 1882 as a sophomore. Unfortunately, in 1883, her sisters illness and subsequent death caused her to decide to study Greek at home the following year. However Calkins returned to Smith College in 1884 as a senior, and graduated with a concentration in classics and philosophy in 1885. In 1887, after graduating from Smith College, she was hired to teach Greek at Wellesley College. She had been teaching for three years when she was offered she was offered a position teaching in the new area of psychology (Goodwin, 2008). In 1890 Wellesley finally offered Calkins the position, with the condition that she would study psychology for a year. There were very few psychology programs available at that time, and even fewer that would accept women applicants. This made it difficult for her to have the one year of study needed to teach the subject of psychology. During the following year Calkins also worked unofficially at the psychology laboratory at Clark University with Edmund Sanford. He also assisted Calkins in the creation of a psychology lab for Wellesley College, equipped with state of the art equipment. That psychology lab officially opened in 1891, the same year that Calkins began teaching psychology at Wellesley (Goodwin, 2008). After being invited to sit in on some of the lectures at Harvard, Calkins formally requested that she be allowed to sit in on these lectures. She decided to try to take classes at the Harvard Annex taught by Josiah Royce, a Harvard professor, because the Annex was not an official part of Harvard University. Royce, however, pushed her to try to attend regular Harvard classes because not all of his classes were available through the Annex. Charles Eliot, the president of Harvard, believed strongly that the two sexes should be educated separately. But it was not until the pressure applied to him from both James and Royce was combined with a petition from Calkins father and a letter from the president of Wellesley College that Eliot finally agreed in 1892. Calkins would be allowed to attend James and Royces seminars on psychology, but it was officially stated that she would not be a student of the University entitled to registration. (Furumoto, 1980). Calkins felt like she needed to do more graduate work. She continued teaching while simultaneously studying with J. Munsterberg until 1894 when she studied full-time for a year. At that time Munsterberg petitioned Harvard to admit Calkins as a Ph. D. candidate, but was refused. The Harvard psychology department held an informal examination of Calkins, which she passed in 1895. The same year, while at Harvard, Calkins presented her theses, where she completed a series of experimental studies on association. She developed a procedure known as paired-associate learning (Goodwin, 2008). Her subjects first studied stimulus-response pairs comprised of sequentially presented color patches and numbers, and then they tried to recall the umber responses when shown the color stimuli. Her results showed that recall was enhanced by each of the four factors: frequency, vividness, recency, and primacy. These four conditions could strengthen associations, and found that frequency was the most important. (Goodwin, 2008). Calkins then returned to Wellesley College where she continued to teach until her retirement in 1927. From about 1900, her publications became less research-oriented as she developed her major theoretical contribution to psychology, self-psychology. Calkins maintained that psychology could be the study of mental life, but that the central fact of psychology must be that all consciousness contains an element of the self (Goodwin, 2008). In 1900, Calkins published her first article on a system of psychology of the self, a topic which became her primary focus. Over the next thirty years, Calkins continued to present, develop, and defend her theory of self-psychology, gradually moving more towards philosophy and away from the psychological trend towards behaviorism. There is evidence that her primary interest was always philosophy rather than psychology. She was teaching psychology for almost a decade before another faculty member trained in psychology joined the philosophy department. (Furumoto, 1980). In 1905, Calkins became the first woman elected president of the American Psychological Association. As her interests shifted to philosophy, she became the first woman elected president of the other APA, the American Philosophical Association in 1918. All of her work in philosophy as well as psychology came to center around the importance of self. She used it as a way to reconcile competing theoretical schools of thought including structuralism and functionalism (Furumoto, 1980). She believed that self-psychology was a method of resolving disputes between structuralism, which analyzes consciousness in to its basic elements, and functionalism, which focuses on how consciousness serves to adapt the individual to the environment (Goodwin, 2008). Among her major contributions to psychology are the invention of the paired associate’s technique and her work in self based psychology. Calkins believed that the conscious self was the primary focus of psychology. Despite Mary Whiton Calkins contributions, Harvard maintains its refusal to grant the degree she earned and her influence on psychology is often overlooked by both scholars and students. She was passionate about her beliefs, even when Harvard was going to award her a PhD. from Radcliffe College; she refused to accept the degree because she did not agree with the â€Å"injustice of unequal treatment of the sexes based on the implicit assumption that there are inherent differences in their mentalities†(Furumoto, 1980). Mary Whiton Calkins was a pioneer in psychology. She was responsible for the creation of a method of memorization called the paired associate technique, founder of one of the early psychological laboratories in the United States, and creator of a system of self-psychology (Furumoto, 1980). Conclusion Mary Whiton Calkins was a prolific writer in both psychology and philosophy, publishing four books and over a hundred papers divided among the fields. In addition to being the first woman president of the American Psychological Association, Calkins also served as president of the American Philosophical Association in 1918. The topics Mary Whiton Calkins studied in psychology covered a wide range including dream research, animal consciousness, and memorization. In 1892 she presented a report on a dream study that she had worked on with Sanford at the first meeting of the APA. Thirteen years later she was elected president of that same organization. In 1895 she returned to Wellesley as an associate professor, and in 1898 she became a full professor, a position she held until she retired in 1927 (Furumoto, 1980). On February 26, 1930, Calkins died of inoperable cancer, one year after retiring from Wellesley as a Research Professor and turning over that department to Eleanor Gamble. Her teaching career spanned forty two years. She died with two honorary degrees, a doctor of letters from Columbia University and a doctor of laws from Smith College. However, she never received the degree that she worked for at Harvard. In 1927 a group of Harvard alumni petitioned the president of Harvard requesting that the university grant Calkins her Ph. D. , but they were denied (Furumoto, 1980).
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Bally?s Total Fitness :: essays research papers fc
Bally total fitness originated as an average health and tennis club in 1962. Who would have thought they would be where they are today. Like many other major companies sometimes it pays to be in the right place at the right time. Today they are one of the major companies in a 14 billion dollar health club industry. â€Å"They are the third biggest health care chain behind Curves for women and the YMCA†.Currently they have around four million members and 420 facilities. They currently have operations in 29 states including Asia, the Caribbean, and Canada. You may be wondering why you don’t see that many Bally Fitness Clubs; the reason for this is because they run the business under 6 different names. The other clubs they own include â€Å"Bally Total Fitness, Crunch Fitness, Sports Clubs of Canada, Pinnacle Fitness, Bally Sports Clubs, and Gorilla Sports†. Bally total fitness currently employs 23,500 staff members, 6,700 group instructors, and 3,500 personal trai ners. These numbers are including the clubs they own that are under different names.                                                             What many people don’t realize is Bally’s Sports clubs is only apart of the company. Along with fitness centers they also have their own products. They have an extensive line of exercise equipment ranging from medicine balls to free weights. However it does not end there they also have a full line of supplements including weight management products, performance supplements, and energy enhancers. There exercise equipment is only available for sale online however there supplements can be purchased at super markets and nutrition stores.                                             It is not uncommon today to see companies misstate their earnings. As we know this is an illegal activity that has put companies under such as Enron. This is not something that makes your company look good and is not worth getting caught for. Well â€Å"Bally’s got into the mix in early 2003 when they were forced to restate their earnings for the current period†. Their stock price collapsed and needed help in a hurry. They decided to get a new CEO which was a well traveled man known for reviving companies. That man was Paul Toback , he knew something had to be done quickly, so he decided to come up with new advertising efforts in 2004. Those advertisements proved to be extremely successful and they will continue these same types of advertisements in 2005. During this time they have also created strong partnerships with some of the biggest companies in the world.
Monday, January 13, 2020
To Investigate Importance Of Physical Architecture Essay
The essay aims to look into importance of physical and non spacial facets and their interrelatedness thru series of geographic expeditions and apprehension by instance surveies ( Old market square Nottingham and St John churchyard Hackney ) with theoretical statements.At the terminal paper would happen out cogency of selected theoretical statements about the physical and non physical facets. Further the interrelatedness of the of these facets will research.The selected cased surveies are Market square Nottingham and St John God's acre, Hackney, London. ‘Many interior decorators and designers regard public infinite as the publically owned empty spots between edifices. Many of these infinites are useless or unsafe and abandoned, with the consequence that ‘this renders their definition as public infinite nothing and nothingness ( Worpole and Greenhalgh, 1996 ) This essay besides opposes the generic manner of thought of planning and designing of the unfastened infinites sing merely physical properties of design. This essay besides advocates wholly different position for sing the unfastened infinite and non the stereotype impression of aesthetic, beautification, take a breathing infinite, or lungs infinite. ‘The Parkss are volatile infinites and tend to runs to the extremes of popularity and unpopularity ‘ ( Jane Jacob 1960 ) . Open infinite is unstable entity and quiet unpredictable in many ways, and have much more significance than mere take a breathing infinite or lung infinite or merely to fulfill the unfastened infinite norm set by the town planning or development control ordinance. ‘There are far excessively many unfertile place and windswept corners that are infinites left over from another map ( such as traffic circulation or natural lighting demands for tall edifices ) .This phenomenon is Sometimes referred to as ‘SLOAP ‘ – infinite left over after be aftering ‘ . ( Henry Shaftoe 2008 ) Open infinite planning and planing inherently critical compared to other edifice or land uses this has lowest grade of the spacial excitations but can be highly vulnerable if non decently thought. This essay arranged to flux from the theoretical to practical. Attempts to bring out the facets that constitute public infinites.1.2 Defining and understanding Open infiniteOpen infinite has different reading for interior decorator and designer and the end-users. The town and state planning act defines it as ‘land laid out as a public garden, or used for the intents of public diversion, or land which is a obsolete entombment land ‘ . This definition is consequence of academic or what town contriver & A ; architect feels about the public infinite as public garden or infinite for diversion can non specify holistically. Conversely Gehl defined the unfastened infinite on the footing of the activity forms and more users centric. ‘An sphere allows for different types of activities embracing necessary, optional, and societal actives ‘ ( Gehl 1987 ) . However Walzer ‘s definition is more inclusive and holding societal dimension, he says Public infinite is infinite where we portion with aliens, Peoples who are n't our relations, friends or work associates. It is infinite for political relations, faith, commercialism, athletics ; infinite for peaceable coexistence and impersonal brush. Its character expresses and besides conditions our public life, civic civilization, mundane discourse Walzer ( 1986 ) The above reading gives different virtuousnesss of the unfastened infinite and establishes importance of it.Chapter 2. Discussion of Theories and PrinciplesThis chapter would cover about statements of the spacial and non spacial facets of the public infinite. Kavin lynch ‘s theory about the ocular facets of the ocular facets of the cityscapes easiness with which its parts can be recognized and can be arranged in to coherent form ( Lynch 1960 ) . However Henry Shaftoe argues ‘People want coherency and a sense of safety in public infinites, but they do n't desire blandness ‘ ( Kaplan and Kaplan 1989, Marsh 1990 ) . I would state topographic point devising should see both facets as they are every bit contribute for doing the topographic point societal sustainable. I would wish to confirm with Rasmussen statement who says ‘It is non adequate to see architecture ; you must see it ‘ ( Rasmussen 1959 ) ‘Sensuous demands may co-occur or conflict with other demands but can non be separated from them in planing or judgment, nor are they ‘impractical ‘ or simply cosmetic, or even nobler than other concerns. Feeling is indispensable to being alive ‘ . ( Lynch 1971p189 ) Lynch statements are pro aesthetic or pro physical development but harmonizing to him the physical scene is strong plenty to make the sense of the topographic point. Other observer differs with Lynch ‘If our apprehension is limited to a ocular apprehension, we merely concentrate on forms. If, nevertheless, we go beyond visual aspects, we start a spacial apprehension, a three dimensional experience. We can come in this infinite, instead than merely see it. The same applies to the design of infinites. We do non make mere visual aspects but infinites that we can utilize for different intents ‘ . ( Madanipour 1996 p99 ) . The undertaking for public infinite has put frontward Ten Principles for Creating Successful Squares. However it would be hard to use this rule universally as said earlier Open infinite is unstable entity and is affected by socio- economic system, political relations, and human ecology and other societal ailments or good qualities. Generalised attack for planning and planing unfastened infinite may non work as the unfastened infinite is alone in many ways. Further Ali Midanapour expressed concern over planing without understanding the world. ‘This position of design, as an elitist, artistic endeavor which has no relationship to the existent, day-to-day jobs of big subdivisions of urban societies, has led to the decrease of urban design to a ocular activity ‘ ( Ali Midanapour 1997 ) . Similar to above statement Henry Shaftoe emphasis on the psychological dimension /non spacial dimension of the unfastened infinite ‘Public infinites serve a figure of practical maps, being topographic points for trading, meeting, conversing, resting and so on. Yet there is an extra dimension to public infinite – it can carry through certain psychological demands every bit good as strictly physical 1s. By ‘psychology ‘ in this context, I mean anything that affects our behavior or feelings. ( Henry Shaftoe 2008 ) From the above treatment one may feel that there something more than physical dimension, which makes public infinite socially sustainable infinite. As infinite is an enclosing component and it encloses the activity. Activity is non needfully being merely physical enclosure centric.Chapter 3. The Research Question‘Do merely aesthetically fulfilling public infinite can organize the socially sustainable infinites ‘ ? The research inquiry would research the interrelatedness of the non spacial dimension with spacial one in designing of the unfastened infinite. Underpinnings and rules of the doing successful infinites would be tested on the real-time instance surveies to formalize the statements. The testing of the theoretical hypotheses may give us the being of the non design facets and their importance. The inquiry besides explores how intentional public infinites matched to the cross subdivision of the society.3.1 Framework for probe.Since the research inquiry demands geographic expeditions qualitative and quantitative facets. The of import virtuousness of the instance survey would be ocular study, thru which I would look into the both physical and non physical facet of the instance survey. ‘Only through eternal walking can the interior decorator absorb into his being the true graduated table of urban infinites ‘ ( Edmund Bacon 1975 ) . The recognizance study would be distributed over weekends weekdays and different period of a twenty-four hours. Further the instance survey would look into the qualitative facet of the study through people perception study. The probe of non spacial facets would be done by Reconnaissance study and the Study of tenancy in different period of hebdomad and different period of twenty-four hours. Besides examines the tenancy in gay and non gay season. Non spacial facets would be done by semi structured interviews with end-users to cognize what they feel about public infinite what is missing. What is the factors attractive force or repulsive force to the unfastened infinite? Their aspirations about the unfastened infinite. Due to restriction of the academic paper the sample of size of the instance surveies would be little. However the series of ocular geographic expedition and reconnaissance study would bridge the spread.3.2 Case surveiesThe instance surveies for the testing are Nottingham old market square and St. John church viridity. Idea of choosing these instance surveies is they portion similarities in many ways, some of them are postulated below.Surrounded busy commercial country.Cardinal location of the metropolis and country i.e. east London.Heritage structures around like church and St.Augustine tower in footings of Hackney, town hall and Municipal council office.Areas offer Transport connectivity to the remainder of the metropolis or country.Nottingham Old market Square Area of the old market square is 4,400m2, quiet geometrical ( i.e. inner square approximately 100 x44 m ) . The natural topography of the original medieval square is exploited in the design by gradual degrees for wheel chair users and for drainage flow. The council house forms the border of the northern border of the market square Figure 1 The study demoing the solid and null country of the market square The enclosure of the market square is formed by constructing about. Inner Square is bounded by the commercial, constitution ‘s coffeehouse, restaurants and branded supermarkets via Debenhams. Outer ring of the pedestrianised on North and east side portion of the Square. Strategically located in the bosom metropolis commercial country the edifice has utilised about 100 % of the secret plan are. The country around the market square represents all right grained development.3.3 Case study no-1 The St John Church Yard -Hackney LondonArea of the public infinite – 3.83 hour angle. The St John Church Yard -Hackney London is outstanding pubic infinite in Hackney cardinal. A mixture of different infinites, the gardens provide a formal scene for the church and Clapton Square to the North. The public infinite is isolated from the from the busy Mare street. From part majorly utilised for the inactive diversion and rear countries constitutes the kids play country. The St. John Church and St. Augustine tower is major landmark of the country helps in voyaging prosaic traffic.3.4 Discussion of instance surveies illations and theory3.4.1 Amenities-‘A square should have comfortss that make it comfy for people to utilize.A bench or waste receptacle in merely the right location can do a large difference in how people choose to utilize a topographic point ‘ ( www.PPs.org 2009 ) . However Urbanist William H. Whyte ‘s suggested more ‘flexible attack ‘ harmonizing to him ‘in public infinites, people prefer movable chairs to repair seating. Peoples like to command their ain infinite, and movable chairs allow them to make merely that. Movable chairs let people face one another and interact in different ways. ‘ ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.city-journal.org/2009/eon1019am.html ) This suggests that planing the unfastened infinites should be sing mind of larger subdivision of the society and non merely what landscape interior decorator ‘s want. Harmonizing to H. Whyte maintaining the scattered would direct a message of trust that people will non steal them. Conversely, since the unfastened infinite is affected by the society ailments and frailty versa, this besides can non be generalised rule.3.4.2 Seasonal Strategy – Is programme is overmastering than infinite?‘Successful Square ca n't boom with merely one design or direction scheme ‘ . ( PPs.org 2009 ) . This statement is quiet valid in many ways, public needs to alter or accommodate as per the seasons. In absence of the seasonal scheme may ensue underutilisation of the infinite in certain period of twelvemonth. The seasonal scheme is good demonstrated in Old market square Nottingham. Figure 6 Shows the wheel of Nottingham by and large opens from February to stop of April. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wheelofnottingham.co.uk/index4.html ) Figure 5 Shows the ice skating sphere and German market is chief attractive force in the winter. During Christmas the infinite is filled with activities and peoples. The seasonal scheme is programme that is implemented. The seasonal schemes non merely do the best use but besides generate activities throughout the twelvemonth.Further makes infinite more economically sustainable and can be managed good. This rule can be supported with Henry shaftoe ‘s statement, he says ‘As a species we are sociable animate beings who like to garner in groups or battalions. Therefore, when we see people like us lingering in a infinite, we are attracted to it, over and above any physical or environmental attractive forces that the topographic point may hold ‘ . ( Henry Shaftoe 2008 ) On the other manus the Hackney does n't show as stronger seasonal scheme or programme. Therefore ST.John God's acre is n't able generate activities to pull the people. Even if Hackney church pace has appealing landscape gardening, the heritage construction Church and St. Augustine tower, locality to the busy market street and strategic positing. However the scheduling limited for the certain period of clip of twenty-four hours but he country around the market square is chiefly commercial so this country becomes dull and inactive so leads to less perceptual experience of safety.3.4.3 Flexibility and Adaptability‘The usage of a square alterations during the class of the twenty-four hours, hebdomad, and twelvemonth. To react to these natural fluctuations, flexibleness demands to be built in. Alternatively of a lasting phase, for illustration, a retractable or impermanent phase could be used. Likewise, it is of import to hold on-site storage for movable chairs, tabular arraies, umbrellas, and games so they can be used at a minute ‘s notice ‘ . ( www.PPs.org 2009 ) . The principal of flexibleness and adaptability can been seen in the old market square. The H2O characteristic of the old market square is 1.8 thousand H2O autumn, rivulets and 53 jets and a scrim, arranged as patios. This H2O characteristic can be turned off and used as phases or impermanent screening countries. Five listed lanterns and two flag poles have besides been refurbished and integrated into the new strategy.3.4.4 Peoples pulling people or steering physical properties of public infinite‘Any great square has a assortment of smaller â€Å" topographic points †within it to appeal to assorted people. These can include out-of-door caf & A ; eacute ; s, fountains, and sculpture, †¦ ( www.pps.org ) However Henry shaftoe argues ‘As a species we are sociable animate beings who like to garner in groups or battalions. Therefore, when we see people like us lingering in a infinite, we are attracted to it, over and above any physical or environmental attractive forces that the Topographic point may hold. ( Sahftoe Henry ) . If we test above the statements on St. John God's acre, Hackney, Henry Shaftoe ‘s statement is holds cogency. Because St. John God's acre has quiet pulling physical properties such as St John church, Saint Augustine tower but still fails to pull peoples. Similarly in study one of the interviewee said, he follows the crowd for utilizing the infinite. This may because more figure of people gives perceptual experience of safety and for many users sense community is much more of import than the physical visual aspect of the scene.3.4.5 Interrelation of the Inner Square, Outer Square, and Series of Small Squares‘Visionary park contriver Frederick Law Olmsted ‘s thought of the â€Å" interior park †and the â€Å" outer park †is merely as relevant today as it was over 100 old ages ago. The streets and pavements around a square greatly affect its handiness and usage, as do the edifices that surround it ‘ . ( www.pps.org 2009 ) This rule is quiet right and can be seen in the Old market square as the street on the northern and eastern side are wholly pedestranised with active frontage facing towards the square. It provides surveillance and besides increases its tenancy. Further Henry Shaftoe adds new dimension of series of squares. ‘Some of the most gratifying public infinites are those that consist of a series of squares connected by short prosaic paths, so that one can roll through a series of Unfurling tableaux. ‘ ( Henry Shaftoe 2008 page figure 80 ) This hypothesis is valid in footings of market square as shown in program the Old market square is surrounded by series of smaller squares of the size ( mention fig no xxxxxx ) . Figure 6 the study demoing little public infinites around the Old market squares shown in blue. the smaller public infinites around the market squares makes people to flux into the old market square Further the grounds of interrelatedness of spacial character, graduated table and proportion are derived from how human perceive it. Kavin lynch has put frontward some dimension of the outdoor squares based on how we experience the out-of-door infinite. â€Å" We can observe human being from the distance of 1200 m, recognize him at 25 m see his facial look at 14 m, and experience him in direct relation to us -present or intrusive -at 1-3 metre. †( kavin lynch 1 Gary Hack2 1971 ) further he says the dimension 12 are confidant and up to 25 metre is still an easy for human graduated table This hypotheses are valid in the in the smaller squares near to the Market squares viz near to the express vacation in western side. ( 17 Wide ) And 2nd square ( as shown in phtoxxx in ) northern side 9 near to the, pizza hut etc which is 28 metre ( measured from www.googlemaps.co.uk ) .3.4.6 Natural elementsThe natural component are besides important subscriber in the in heightening the experience of the infinite. ‘The feel of the warm zephyr, or a sudden iciness Draft, the sound of air current through the trees, or blasts of blown fall leaves waken the passer-by to the present minute. These intense experiences of alteration or difference in nature – particularly those that are peculiarly gratifying – may arouse shared looks of delectation and pleasance ‘ . ( Lennard and Lennard 1995 p39 ) In reconnaissance study and the semi structured interview uncovers the natural elements such as the visible radiation and shadiness of trees, thick green grass, sound of H2O adds up to the experience of infinite, so the park is non stay mere physical entity it turns in to see. And experience of the infinite makes users to see once more and once more.1.1 Summary of findings, decisionsIn visible radiation of the instance surveies and the statements of different writers it points out towards our experience of the topographic point is combination of all senses non merely ocular. This hypothesis forms the lineation of the aesthetic and environmental psychological science. There are many factors such as right graduated table enclosures sense of machination, easiness of apprehension, neither claustrophobic nor agoraphobic etc many of these factors interact in really harmonious mode. The aesthetics dominates desires believing in many ways for the simple ground it is they are visually appealing, therefore interior decorators approach is aesthetic centric and tends to overlook the non spacial facets such the noise, odor, touch, sense of topographic point The unfastened infinite phenomenon in the typically urban context is truly unstable and dynamic. In my sentiment handling the unfastened infinite more carefully and non merely left over or take a breathing or lungs infinite or merely attractive unfastened infinite, it much more than that. As designer we should non enforce individualized thought on the unfastened infinite as terminal users are one who makes it successful. The physical enclosure of public infinite is one that starts the interaction and non design facets are besides moving as accelerator to organize socially sustainable infinite. The essay restriction being academic survey and research more by increasing sample size and besides clip restriction. Reconnaissance study and user ‘s perceptual experience study with bigger sample size and including representative of cross subdivision of society i.e. based on age group ethnicity, physically handicapped etc distributed over the twelvemonth. We may non get at definite solutions or exact constellation of what unfastened infinite should or should non hold but planing of unfastened infinite maintaining users psyche in foreground would decidedly give the hints for planing the socially sustainable unfastened infinites Safety and Regulation of use of infinite Puting things together after every chapterMentionsThe winning design – ‘The Defender of the City ‘ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/www/marketsquare/design.asp ( 2 -1-2010 4.30 autopsy )Gustafson Porter. ( 2008 ) . ‘the Guardian of the City ‘ . Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gustafson-porter.com/intro.htm. Last accessed 3 Jan 2010 4.30am.Hackney Council. ( Mar 09 ) . Draft Interim Hackney Central Area Action Plan. Avilable: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hackney.gov.uk/draft-hackney-central-masterplan-p102-mar09.pdf. Last accessed 3 Jan 2010 p114 )Andrew M. Manshel. ( 2009 ) . A Topographic point Is Better Than a Plan. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.city-journal.org/2009/eon1019am.html. Last accessed 1 January 2010.Shaftoe. H ( 2008 ) . Convivial Urban Spaces: Making Effective Public Places. London: Earthscan.p. 51Lynch. K ( 1960 ) . The Image of the City. 15th erectile dysfunction. Cambridge: MI T Press. p2, 49,81.Lynch.K, Hack K ( 1984 ) . Site Planning. 3rd erectile dysfunction. Cambridge: MIT Press. P.157, 158Bacon E ( 1975 ) Design of Cities. Thames & A ; Hudson, LondonWorpole K and Greenhalgh L ( 1996 ) . The Freedom of the City. Demos: London. p14.Jacobs. J ( 1961 ) . The Death and Life of Great American Cities: The failure of town planning. 3rd Ed. New York: Random House. p88Gehl, J. ( 1987 ) Life between Buildings: Using public infinites, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold p. 2, 3, 85Walzer, M. ( 1986 ) ‘Public Space: Pleasures and Costss of Urbanity ‘ , Dissent 33, 4: 470-475.Rasmussen S.E ( 1959 ) . Experiencing Architecture. London: Chapman and Hall. P 33.Madanipour, A. ( 1997 ) . ‘Ambiguities of Urban Design ‘ , Town Planning Review. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p 363-367.Gallacher P ( 2005 ) Everyday Spaces: The potency of neighbourhood infinite. Thomas Telford, London Edmund Bacon 1975( Lennard and Lennard 1995 p39 Carmel, CA: Go ndolier Press,  ©1995 )
Sunday, January 5, 2020
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain - 734 Words
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer â€Å"Then he (Injun Joe) put the fatal knife in Potters open right hand, and sat down on the dismantled coffin. Three -- four -- five minutes passed, and then Potter began to stir and moan. His hand closed upon the knife; he raised it, glanced at it, and let it fall, with a shudder. Then he sat up, pushing the body from him, and gazed at it, and then around him, confusedly. His eyes met Joes.†(9.53). In this Quotation from the novel– The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, Mark Twain compared two characters– the protagonist– Tom Sawyer and the antagonist– Injun Joe. In order to show the similarities in these two characters within the acts they commit, while demonstrating the negative effects on each individual characters through the act of guilt on Tom Sawyer. The theme of guilt found within the novel is shown through these two characters, due to the fact that their actions are comparatively similar– yet different in intensions. The effect on each character is shown differently, because Tom Sawyer feels the guilt that he was present when that act of guilt was happening, though Injun Joe is the killer and feels no guilt. The purpose of this quote appears when the meeting eyes of these two characters is ironic that both perform similar deeds but with different motives. The imagery here shows the Antagonist part of Injun Joe. The meeting of the eyes in the graveyard foreshadows that later in the novel they will meet again in the court and later in the cave,Show MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Tom Sawyer By Mark Twain1558 Words  | 7 PagesThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer In 1876, a novel about a young boy growing up along the Mississippi River was written. Set in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, Mark Twain, the author of this fictional piece, based ‘The Adventures of Tom Sawyer’, largely on his personal memories of growing up in Hannibal, Missouri in the 1840s. Through ‘The Adventures of Tom Sawyer’, by Mark Twain we are able to not just appreciate an amazing piece of literature, but also be able to explore through the fiveRead MoreThe Adventures Of Tom Sawyer By Mark Twain1258 Words  | 6 Pages In the novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain, the society in which the main character (Tom) lives in revolves around the culture of the community. There are morals for correct behavior, which distinguish insiders and outsiders of the community. Tom has behaviors for both sides and is regarded as an in between. There are additional characters such as Huck and Injun Joe that are specifically outsiders. Correct behavior is prevalent in the community. Throughout the story, the reader canRead MoreMark Twain s Adventures Of Tom Sawyer1586 Words  | 7 Pagesof The Adventures of Tom Sawyer are closely related to Mark Twain’s own life experiences. The fictional town of St. Petersburg very closely resembles Twain’s childhood home in a small town in Missouri, because of the Mississippi River (Stanley 1). He remembers both the ups and downs of his childhood and conveys these in the novel (Higgins). Many of his memories of living by the Mississippi river are displayed in this novel as Tom has several encounters with rivers (â€Å"Mark Twain†). Twain also interpretsRead MoreThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain Essay659 Words  | 3 PagesThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer By Mark Twain Mark Twains, The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer, is a story told from the eyes of the young Tom Sawyer. The story takes place in the small rustic town of St. Petersburg Missouri. Tom Sawyer is the main character of the book. Tom is an imaginative young man who always seems to be getting into trouble. Tom is very adventurous, he never passes up a chance to play pirates, robbers, or soldiers. This book has multiple themes but the most important isRead MoreThe End Of The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer, By Mark Twain1409 Words  | 6 Pagesto their situations. ByAt the end of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, by Mark Twain, the main character, Tom, has had several dangerous and amusing experiences that show that although he is not completely mature, Tom Sawyer is more emotionally, mentally, and morally mature than when the story began; therefore proving that Tom Sawyer has come-of-age in the novel. Tom’s emotional maturity definitely grows throughout the story. At the beginning of the story, Tom acts selfishly when he thinks that he isRead MoreEssay on Tom and Huck in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain1752 Words  | 8 PagesThe Adventures Of Tom Sawyer In the Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain, the friendship between the two friends Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer is strong enough to get them through some life changing adventures. The story takes place in the mid 1800s, in a Missouri town called St. Petersburg. Tom Sawyer is a very mischievous, adventurous kid, living with his Aunt Polly and her daughter, Mary, and his brother Sid. In the very beginning of the book Tom shows how mischievous he is when he tricks a coupleRead MoreThe American Life in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain539 Words  | 3 Pages In the â€Å"The adventures of Tom Sawyer†a novel by Mark Twain, portrays a small-town American life. The town is pictured as idyllic due to its overall simplicity with the life of the inhabitants of the town St. Petersburg. The town also depicts what on average is life in the area and brings senses of distinct nostalgia to the reader of their childhood or of their parents. Some might view this story and not agr ee with the subject due to not finding it idyllic or just plain out thinking it’s a grossRead MoreAnalysis Of Mark Twain s Adventures Of Tom Sawyer1273 Words  | 6 PagesMark Twain’s Adventures of Tom Sawyer addresses the fear of the citizens of the newly reborn nation after the war between the states and what changes await for them, in correlation to the children as the fearful citizens and their exposure to society or the adult world as the reborn nation. Children fear of what lies ahead in the adult world as the citizens of the reborn nation fear what exists in a united nation. Twain’s sepulchral imagery conjures up the spine-chilling mood of a child when facedRead MoreMark Twain s The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn And The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer1654 Words  | 7 Pagesliterature, Mark Twain claims the title. He is a paragon of the ideals that are ascribed to what a(n) (American) writer should be; his humor, his fluid and flexible writing, his abilit y to portray emotion and passion via ink on dead slices of trees is a mirror image of the- alleged- freedom that America purports. Even in death, his penname is renown- his autobiography a jumbled, yet appealing mess that was released 100 years after his expiration. Out of the numerous writers in America, Mark Twain is theRead MoreAnalysis Of Mark Twain s The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer As Well1350 Words  | 6 Pages Mark Twain is one of the foremost satire writers, and he is well-known for uses his sense of humor to criticize the 19th society in America’s and propagate his ideal world through The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. People commented Twain as â€Å"Twain does not confine himself to telling a simple children s story. He is, as always, the satirist and commentator on the foibles of human nature†(Roberts), Twain does use his sense of satire in the classical America book: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer as well.
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