Explain the Role of Proximity and Globality in Effectiveness

Question: Explain the role of Proximity and Globality in effectiveness 1. Executive summary The aim of this assignment was to explain the effect that proximity and globality has on an organizations ability to be effective and competitive in its operating environment. Effectiveness is defined a to have an effect on (Concise Oxford dictionary) According to the Oxford dictionary Proximity is defined as the closeness, near neighborhood or approach to a subject. In business proximity is defined as the environment in which the organization is operating in. The environment consists of the macro environment and the Competitive environment. The macro-environment consists of the following factors: legal, political, economical, technical,†¦show more content†¦The mission should answer this question. The mission of an organization guides it towards the identification of its focus areas. It is with respect to these focus areas that an organization should perform if it wishes to carry out its mission. The mission should also indicate the functions to be carried out by the organization. In the mission of the organization the endeavors of those involved and the task of the organization are embodied. The direction in which the organization wishes to go also needs to be clear from the mission. 3.1.2 Strategic focus areas or performance areas Two important questions that should always be asked are: Are the right things being done? and Are the right things being done right? A third question which can be added, is Are the right things being doneShow MoreRelatedReed Supermarket Case32354 Words   |  130 PagesWebsite at www.pearsoned.co.uk/hollensen to find valuable student learning material including: Full versions of the video case studies Multiple choice questions to test your learning Annotated links to relevant sites on the web An online glossary to explain key terms Flashcards to test your knowledge of key terms and definitions Classic extra case studies that help take your learning further We work with leading authors to develop the strongest educational materials in marketing, bringing cutting-edgeRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagestheir situation within the domestic sphere and the conditions under which they labored to expand the career opportunities available to them at different times and in diverse settings. She places special emphasis on the important but often overlooked roles they played in politics, particularly those associated with resistance movements, and their contributions to arts and letters worldwide. Drawing on the essay collections and series on women in world history that she has edited over the past decade

History of Malaysian Cinema

Question: Write about theHistory of Malaysian Cinema. Answer: Introduction Malaysia does not have a prominent ranking in the world cinema; however, Malaysian films stand out due to their cultural and historical significance. The Malaysian film industry comprises of people of diverse nationalities; therefore, from the beginning it has multicultural and international involvement. The earlier Malay movies comprises of melodrama, horror, comedy and romance. In the 1950s, the realist tendencies in the cinema began to emerge and the movies began to adopt more positive themes. It was due to the entrance of Filipino and innovative film directors and producers in the cinema. The first film producers were from India and consequently, film producers from China and Singapore also contributed to the Malay film industry. The earlier films in the Malaysian cinema were made in different languages, for example, Chinese, Tamil and Malay. The activeness of the foreign nationals can be observed in the earlier movies like Laila Majnun and Penarik Beca (influence of Tamil Cinema ) and other countries such as Hong Kong and Japan. During that period, the movies were made at Studio Merdeka, Kuala Lumpur. The likes of S.M. Chistry, Runme Shaw, David Teoh were prominent film producers during this time. After 1962, most of the Malay films were made in the Malay language, dialogue delivery and characters were based on the bangsawan style or Malaysian musical orchestra. In these movies, the dialogues were created like syair or poetry, wherein the dialogue delivery and tempo were very similar to bangsawan. In this period, most of the movies were created in the Malay language and movies in other languages were almost nonexistent (Thoughtsonfilms, 2009). In case of Malaysian cinema, attention has to be paid on the Chinese, Indian and Tamil movies as they have been critical in developing the present stature of Malaysian cinema. Due to the multi-ethnicity and participation of the foreign nationals, the history of the Malaysian cinema is quite distinct. In the context of Malaysia, the foreign film culture has been intricately linked to the local culture and the characters of the popular foreign movies have been reciprocated in the movies (Heide, 2002). Till the year 1981, a film production company could function in all the three sectors of the film industry, namely, production, distribution and exhibition. During this time, Shaw Brothers and Cathay-Keris were the most prominent production studios and virtually controlled the entire Malaysian film industry. Subsequently, several small scale film producers complained to the Malaysian government that due to the monopoly of few production studios, they are unable to gain access to film exhibition outlets. As a result, the government banned the film production companies to operate in all the three segments. However, the distribution/exhibition sector in the Malaysia remained autocratic as these production houses were strong and had knowledge of cinema chains of the entire country. (Heide, 2002) The history of the production sector of the era can be divided into two major segments, namely the studio era from 1947 to 1977 and the independent phase from 1974 onwards. The film production in Malaysia began in 1930s but it was fragmented and unsuccessful. As discussed above, the studio era was dominated by Shaw Brothers and Cathay-Keris, both of which were Chinese business organizations; at that time, residing in Singapore. In the context of the directors, most of the movies were directed by the Indians; although the number of Malay citizens participating in film direction steadily increased from 1960s. During this time, a third studio, namely, Merdeka studio came into existence. Conclusively, it can be stated that the Malay movies have distinctive feature that most of the actors and roles were played by the Malay people; however, all the backstage work and responsibilities were handled by Chinese or Indian filmmakers. Subsequently, in the independent phase of the Malay cinema, it shifted in Kuala Lumpur and the production companies were headed by Malay Malaysians. During this period, most of the movie directors and writers were Malay and the number of Chinese and Indian movie directors steadily declined. However, a few Hong Kong filmmakers came over to Malaysia and made movies which were later dubbed in Cantonese or Mandarin and later released in Malaysia. The bumiputera movies were more associated with Malay tradition and culture. Gemilang (Yusof Haslam 1997), Hanya Kawan (Harith Iskander 1997), Panas (Nurhali Ismail 1998) are common examples of bumiputera movies (Gray, 2015). Recently, the Malaysin film industry is undergoing several transformational changes. The Malaysian government has envisioned a major transformational plan to uplift the status of the Malaysian film industry in the global cinema community. However, since Malaysia is a very small country, it represents inadequate or very small market even for the local film industry. Regardless of the small size of the country, it represents an ethnically diverse community. The influx of the international cinema and Hollywood movies has made the survival of the Malaysian movies difficult. Therefore, it is important to identify international markets for the film industry as the current market share of the company is very limited. Presently, the industry is also struggling with other regional cinemas and south-eastern film industries for example, Indonesian and Singapore film industry. A method of ensuring the thriving of Malaysian cinema is to enhance the creativity and innovation in the cinema. The Nat ional Film Development Corporation Malaysia (FINAS) is collaborating with the Malaysian Development Corporation (MDeC) in helping to inculcate creativity in the cinema. It has been identified that script writing is the challenging problem in the Malaysian cinema. The quality of the script is associated with the originality of ideas and the appeal of the script to the general public. It also includes the manner through which the entire script is narrated. The government is trying to overcome these challenges by promoting these movies in the international film festivals, enhancing the creativity level in script writing and editing, marketing and budgeting (Aziz, Hashim and Ibrahim, 2014). Structuralist Film Theory Structuralism is a popular film theory to examine the narrative and film content. A film theory assures a complete analysis of the film content. In the theoretical analysis of the films, the instrumental and the poetic modes of reception and the response to the film are examined. The film examination also comprises the possible storyline and idea generated by the film; however, it tends to have influence of the political and the aesthetic position of the film writer and the director. Film writing is a niche category and different from other forms of writing; therefore, it is required that it have different examination theories. Despite its difference from other forms of writing, film writing shares few similarities with other writing modes such as film criticism and film philosophy. As film making is highly subjective and creative in nature, there is no theoretically identified position for the correct film. The commonality found in the films such as language spoken, written text, mo ving sound image or other things are used to develop film theories (Colman, 2014). The primary aim of the film theories is to explain the films. Some of the major film theories are Marxist film theory, Auteur film theory, genre theory, apparatus theory, formalist theory and structuralist theory. The structuralist theory is a recently develop theory and uses codes and conventions to describe things. According to this theory, different shots are put together to convey meaning to the audience without saying a word. For example, a movie comprises of a scene, wherein the audience see a shot of a mans face followed by a shot of a money bag. There is nothing said in the scene; however, the audiences interpret some meaning (Andrews, 2008). Structuralism film theory is an approach that examines the films on the basis of symbols and codes to convey meaning to the audience. It is a similar to linguistic theory wherein different languages are used to construct meaning in the communication. However, as films are moving constantly with time, this theory uses a temporary framework to analyze the films. The structuralist film theory is based on the assumption that most significant aspect in films is the underlying structures. Structuralist theory analyzes the factors that shape the consciousness of film goers or more broadly human beings. This theory is in contrast to existentialism and phenomenology, wherein emphasis is given to the individual consciousness in order to examine some specific behavior. Broadly, it can be stated that structuralism is an approach to examine the human activity in terms of relationships and the position of the human beings in these relationships. In this approach, all the entities are examined in t he same framework and the entities are reduced to be equal. As discussed previously, the ideas collected under structuralism are similar to linguistic theory. It visualizes the conceptual framework of semiology or the science of signs. Although, there is evidence regarding its presence since 1920s, it emerged only in the late 1960s in the western countries. In the recent years, the structuralism has become popular due to its method of pursuing the universal. With this paradigm, the researchers began to examine the underlying in all sorts of systems (Aaron, 2007). In the views of Tzvetan Todorov, the films or narratives can be studied in three levels, namely, semantic (the content), the syntactic (structure) and rhetoric (point of view). Among all these approaches, the structuralist methods deductive approach identifies the culture that drives the story and recognizes the hidden codes below the text surfaces. The advantage of structuralism lies in its ability to apply systematic and scientific rigor; therefore, it was applied in several domains later. Levi-Strauss and Todorov were pioneer in identifying the applications of structuralism in films. The structural analysis can be used to analyze the network of repetitions and differences for the scientific interpretation of the films. It can support the journalism style film critic without any bias. The film critic and studies with the help of structuralism would comprise of film genre, auteurist criticism and narrative investigation (Aaron, 2007). Structure can also be defined as the process, or a combination of processes that develops a society and give different people different responsibilities in it. It supports the notion that the society structures have much more contribution in the development of the consciousness in comparison to the will and motivation of the person (Schaefer, 2015). In the context of the cinema, there are several movies which have utilized structuralist principles to avoid dominant modes of cinema. The dominant modes of cinema are used by the mainstream productions wherein preference is given to the individuals in comparison to structure. Several filmmakers such as Costa-Gavras, Gillo Pontecorvo and Francesco Rosi utilize structure method of filmmaking. A common example of structuralism film theory is Salvatore Giuliano, in which the film director investigates the reasons why Sicilians turned Giuliano into a hero. The film does not focus on the heroic deeds of the central character but on the social deeds that turned him into hero. The structuralism has also been commonly used in the Greek films, for example, Z and State of Siege. The film Z has extensively used the structuralist approach as the central character of the movie investigates the truth. The hero does not have a goal but conduct an enquiry with no end. The films that fall under the c ategory of structuralism are commonly based on political issues rather than the personal. In this essence, the films emphasizes that the self is less important than the structure wherein the person resides. The theory furthers the argument that it is the individual that exists for the society not the society that exists for individuals (McKibbin, n.d.). In experimental cinema, structuralism is defined by form or structure. In other words, in structuralism, emphasis is given on structure rather than narrative. In the views of Adam Sitney, three primary characteristics of the structural films are fixed camera, flicker light and repetition without changes. It appeared in the experimental films in late 1960s and adopted quickly due to its wide appeal to the audience. In structuralist films, the film form is much more important than the narrative. Famous structuralist filmmakers during this time were Andy Warhol, Peter Kubelka, and Joyce Wieland. Moreover, the major characteristics of structuralist films are simplicity and formalism (Dixon Foster, 2002). References Aaron, M. 2007. Spectatorship: The Power of Looking on. London: Wallflower Press. Andrews, D. 2008. Communications Multimedia Technology. Digital Overdrive. Aziz, J., Hashim, H., Ibrahim, F. 2014. Malaysian Film Industry In Transformation Challenges and Potential. Jurnal Komunikasi Malaysian Journal of Communication Jilid 30(1), 37-51. Colman, F. 2014. Film Theory: Creating a Cinematic Grammar. Columbia University Press. Dixon, W.W., Foster, G.A. 2002. Experimental Cinema: The Film Reader. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. Gray, G.T. 2015. Being Modern, Malay, and Muslim in the Movies. ASIANetwork Exchange 22(2), pp. 49-59. Heide, W.V.D. 2002. Malaysian Cinema, Asian Film: Border Crossings and National Cultures. Amsterdam University Press. McKibbin, T. n.d. Structuralist Theory. Retrieved 1 December 2016 from https://tonymckibbin.com/course-notes/structuralism-theory Schaefer, J. 2015. An Edgy Realism: Film Theoretical Encounters with Dogma 95, New French Extremity, and the Shaky-Cam Horror Film. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing Thoughtsonfilms. 2009. The Malay and Malaysian Films Where Are We? (part 1). Retrieved from 30 November 2016 from https://thoughtsonfilms.com/2009/03/23/the-malay-and-malaysian-films-where-are-we-part-1/

Restaurant Business and Reasons Why People Eat Out

Food is one of the crucial and basic necessities that must be satisfied on a daily basis for human survival. This creates demand for food which in turn leads to the existent of restaurant and other food offering services. In this paper, we will discuss the factors that determine whether to eat out, choosing where to eat and whether to return to the restaurant in the future.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Restaurant Business and Reasons Why People Eat Out specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reasons why people eat out are social and psychological. Some of the reasons include; to meet a person, enjoy, party, relax and to have something different from home. The main cause for dining out in most occasions is to get fast foods. Financial ability and time availability are also important factors that must be considered when making a decision to dine out. It is cheaper to eat at home than go out. Restaurant busine ss deal with both tangible and intangible products and these is what determines success in the industry. Food is a tangible product and it has effect on customer satisfaction in the manner it is cooked and served. If the customer finds the food to be delicious, it will be obvious he or she would want to return to the restaurant in the future. On the other hand if the food is not good according to the customer’s remarks then it is likely that he or she will not return. Customer treatment and a favorable environment to enjoy and have a good time are the intangible factors that affect customer satisfaction and the decision to return. In conclusion, food quality and services offered in a restaurant are the key factors that determine if the customer will eat out, where to eat and whether to return. Investors in the restaurant industry should therefore, take these factors into consideration to ensure efficiency and success in their operations. Works Cited Walker, John Introduction to Hospitality. Upper Saddle River: Publisher Prentice Hall Higher Education, 2008. Comment:Advertising Looking for book review on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The decision making issue is well explained as well as the reason to eat out. The intangible definition is not well described as the student states it as the decision making aspect. An intangible is a product that cannot be physically touched it is only felt emotionally, physically or socially. These intangibles include customer treatment and enjoyment felt after consumption. I agree with the point on attractiveness of the environment as this will greatly influence the decision to eat in a restaurant and whether to return in the future. When excellent services are offered financial and distant constraints are always overlooked. This book review on Restaurant Business and Reasons Why People Eat Out was written and submitted by user Deborah Vega to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Weed essays

Weed essays Marijuana is the dried leaves, buds, stems, and seeds of the plant Cannabis Sativa that is usually smoked to obtain a mildly hallucinogenic high caused by the chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The high can also be obtained by cooking the marijuana into some foods or brewing it as a tea. Most marijuana is smoked though, usually in a cigarette called a joint, or a pipe called a bong. Recently, it has appeared in cigars called blunts, in which the tobacco is removed and replaced by the marijuana. Marijuana is known by many other names, such as pot, weed, bud, grass, smoke, dope, hash, hashish, green, cabbage, mary-jane, reefer, chronic, killer, sinsimellia, and herb. Most marijuana on the street is either grown in the U.S. or imported from Mexico and South America from the south and Canada from the north. It is sold in bulk to large dealers and works it way down through smaller and smaller dealers until it reaches the consumer, who usually pays anywhere from $80-$400 for an ounce of pot, depending on the strain of cannabis and more importantly, the THC content. Marijuana has several effects on the body, with its negative effects being very similar to that of tobacco smoking. These include an increased heart rate and lung complications due to the inhalation of carcinogens. Marijuana also affects the brain; this is the high, which includes distorted perception of time and sounds, an increase in appetite and a heightening of certain sensations such as taste and touch. The user may experience a decrease in problem solving skills and in some cases difficulty with motor function. Long-term effects may include decreased sperm count, trouble with memory-loss, and a severe addiction to Lucky Charms. Though marijuana is illegal and has been since the 1930s, it is the most popular illicit drug in the United States, with an estimated twelve to twenty million regular users (that is having used marijuana in...

Organisational Behaviour of Siemens and Dell Companies Essay - 1

Organisational Behaviour of Siemens and Dell Companies - Essay Example Research claims that OB is the study of â€Å"the interface between human behavior and the organization, and of the organization itself†. The organizational structure reflects the framework of management and delineates employee relationships â€Å"at different levels within the organization†. Research has labeled organizational culture the glue which holds an organizational together and â€Å"addresses the lived experiences of people†. Siemens is a multinational conglomerate which originated in Germany and is headquartered there in Berlin. Being the largest company in entire Europe, it has always made strikingly innovative efforts to preserve its reputation over changing times. A wide range of quality products is offered by Siemens from medical imaging equipment to transport products to generators to electrical services. Dell, in contrast, is primarily a computer manufacturing American company which is known for dealing with computers and laptops. Dell has a repu tation for delivering quality to its customers by designing products in exact accordance with customer specification. There are different leadership styles seen at both Siemens and Dell which will be scrutinized in this report. Organisational structure is a formal system of task and relationships which controls how people in a workplace interact with each other to accomplish organizational objectives. In addition to shaping behavior and different operations, it is also important to remember that organizational structure is dynamic and â€Å"evolves as an organization grows and differentiates†. Some important types of organizational structure are functional, divisional, and matrix. The above figure shows how a business is structured in a functional structure. Departments are set up to control different areas of activity. In this structure, an organization is divided into different groups and each group has its own purpose. There are different types of departments like a market ing department, a designing department, a sales department etc.

The Smythe Family - Rupert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Smythe Family - Rupert - Essay Example From the family’s financial problems, it became extremely difficult for Rupert to adjust to the entire situation. Rupert’s situation can only be understood through highlighting factors anti-discriminatory practice and empowerment, psychological factors, health promotion and communication, multi-professional working and Sociology of health and illness. Anti-discriminatory practice and empowerment Rupert seems to be undergoing stigma and isolation in an attempt to deal with the family situation. Aymer & Okitikpi (2009) state that, feelings of stigma and isolation for extensive periods emanate from the fact that the individual has been through stress and depression. On the other hand, Parker & Penhale (2007) indicate that feelings of stigma and discrimination in society are the result of Rupert’s withdrawal symptoms from other persons in the society. It is justified to argue that Rupert is undergoing segregation from his friends of his former social class and findin g his way within another social class has proven to be an uphill task. Consequently, Rupert is developing issues with his social skills and perceives everything in society as negative. In response, Rupert cuts down on communication with his parents and is completely alienated from his family’s life. ... At the family level, Rupert feels that he is the ‘black sheep’ and leading a secret life; in his perception it is the best solution to his predicaments. Rupert should be empowered to go beyond his feelings of disappointment and act towards making his life better. Empowerment has been credited for its ability to direct individuals towards moving beyond their stressors to achieving their goals and objectives as supported by Jones (2004). Psychological factors Psychological factors are useful in the explaining of Rupert’s changed behavior. Durand & Barlow (2011) indicate that individuals are rational beings who have the ability to weigh options before embarking on any move. In addition, Shumake, Ockene & Riekert (2008) argue that it is almost obvious that individuals act in accordance with their own interests. The move by Rupert to alienate himself from his family is simply an irrational decision. Studies done by Salk (1914) on cognitive simplification process in dec ision making indicate, that most individuals are prone to error in making choices. In this case, it is vital that individuals weigh all options before making the final decision regarding dilemmatic situations. Salk also suggests that life is an error-making and an error-correcting process. Emotions, according to psychologists, play a great role in influencing an individual’s decision making. Schneider (2010) indicates that if a person is in a low mood, they tend to make unreasonable decisions that at most extreme circumstances can cost them their life. In this case, Rupert made has used poor judgment into making decisions that makes him more vulnerable than previously. He has in turn resulted into indulgence

Mary Whiton Calkins Essay Example for Free

Mary Whiton Calkins Essay In the early days of psychology there were few female psychologists who had any type of impact on the field of psychology. There was sex discrimination and it was a common belief that women were inferior to men. Mary Whiton Calkins was able to beat the odds and have a long lasting legacy in psychology. She is considered one of the pioneers in psychology and is credited with a major theoretical contribution of self-psychology, which was centered on the idea that all consciousness is personal. Calkins overcame discrimination from both students and scholars and succeeded in inventing a procedure that was historic; paired associate learning, which has become the standard method in cognitive research (Goodwin, 2008). Mary Whiton Calkins was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1863. She was the oldest of five children; their parents encouraged their education, especially the study of languages and cultures (Furumoto, 1980). Calkins did graduate from high school in Newton Massachusetts and began Smith College in 1882 as a sophomore. Unfortunately, in 1883, her sisters illness and subsequent death caused her to decide to study Greek at home the following year. However Calkins returned to Smith College in 1884 as a senior, and graduated with a concentration in classics and philosophy in 1885. In 1887, after graduating from Smith College, she was hired to teach Greek at Wellesley College. She had been teaching for three years when she was offered she was offered a position teaching in the new area of psychology (Goodwin, 2008). In 1890 Wellesley finally offered Calkins the position, with the condition that she would study psychology for a year. There were very few psychology programs available at that time, and even fewer that would accept women applicants. This made it difficult for her to have the one year of study needed to teach the subject of psychology. During the following year Calkins also worked unofficially at the psychology laboratory at Clark University with Edmund Sanford. He also assisted Calkins in the creation of a psychology lab for Wellesley College, equipped with state of the art equipment. That psychology lab officially opened in 1891, the same year that Calkins began teaching psychology at Wellesley (Goodwin, 2008). After being invited to sit in on some of the lectures at Harvard, Calkins formally requested that she be allowed to sit in on these lectures. She decided to try to take classes at the Harvard Annex taught by Josiah Royce, a Harvard professor, because the Annex was not an official part of Harvard University. Royce, however, pushed her to try to attend regular Harvard classes because not all of his classes were available through the Annex. Charles Eliot, the president of Harvard, believed strongly that the two sexes should be educated separately. But it was not until the pressure applied to him from both James and Royce was combined with a petition from Calkins father and a letter from the president of Wellesley College that Eliot finally agreed in 1892. Calkins would be allowed to attend James and Royces seminars on psychology, but it was officially stated that she would not be a student of the University entitled to registration. (Furumoto, 1980). Calkins felt like she needed to do more graduate work. She continued teaching while simultaneously studying with J. Munsterberg until 1894 when she studied full-time for a year. At that time Munsterberg petitioned Harvard to admit Calkins as a Ph. D. candidate, but was refused. The Harvard psychology department held an informal examination of Calkins, which she passed in 1895. The same year, while at Harvard, Calkins presented her theses, where she completed a series of experimental studies on association. She developed a procedure known as paired-associate learning (Goodwin, 2008). Her subjects first studied stimulus-response pairs comprised of sequentially presented color patches and numbers, and then they tried to recall the umber responses when shown the color stimuli. Her results showed that recall was enhanced by each of the four factors: frequency, vividness, recency, and primacy. These four conditions could strengthen associations, and found that frequency was the most important. (Goodwin, 2008). Calkins then returned to Wellesley College where she continued to teach until her retirement in 1927. From about 1900, her publications became less research-oriented as she developed her major theoretical contribution to psychology, self-psychology. Calkins maintained that psychology could be the study of mental life, but that the central fact of psychology must be that all consciousness contains an element of the self (Goodwin, 2008). In 1900, Calkins published her first article on a system of psychology of the self, a topic which became her primary focus. Over the next thirty years, Calkins continued to present, develop, and defend her theory of self-psychology, gradually moving more towards philosophy and away from the psychological trend towards behaviorism. There is evidence that her primary interest was always philosophy rather than psychology. She was teaching psychology for almost a decade before another faculty member trained in psychology joined the philosophy department. (Furumoto, 1980). In 1905, Calkins became the first woman elected president of the American Psychological Association. As her interests shifted to philosophy, she became the first woman elected president of the other APA, the American Philosophical Association in 1918. All of her work in philosophy as well as psychology came to center around the importance of self. She used it as a way to reconcile competing theoretical schools of thought including structuralism and functionalism (Furumoto, 1980). She believed that self-psychology was a method of resolving disputes between structuralism, which analyzes consciousness in to its basic elements, and functionalism, which focuses on how consciousness serves to adapt the individual to the environment (Goodwin, 2008). Among her major contributions to psychology are the invention of the paired associate’s technique and her work in self based psychology. Calkins believed that the conscious self was the primary focus of psychology. Despite Mary Whiton Calkins contributions, Harvard maintains its refusal to grant the degree she earned and her influence on psychology is often overlooked by both scholars and students. She was passionate about her beliefs, even when Harvard was going to award her a PhD. from Radcliffe College; she refused to accept the degree because she did not agree with the â€Å"injustice of unequal treatment of the sexes based on the implicit assumption that there are inherent differences in their mentalities† (Furumoto, 1980). Mary Whiton Calkins was a pioneer in psychology. She was responsible for the creation of a method of memorization called the paired associate technique, founder of one of the early psychological laboratories in the United States, and creator of a system of self-psychology (Furumoto, 1980). Conclusion Mary Whiton Calkins was a prolific writer in both psychology and philosophy, publishing four books and over a hundred papers divided among the fields. In addition to being the first woman president of the American Psychological Association, Calkins also served as president of the American Philosophical Association in 1918. The topics Mary Whiton Calkins studied in psychology covered a wide range including dream research, animal consciousness, and memorization. In 1892 she presented a report on a dream study that she had worked on with Sanford at the first meeting of the APA. Thirteen years later she was elected president of that same organization. In 1895 she returned to Wellesley as an associate professor, and in 1898 she became a full professor, a position she held until she retired in 1927 (Furumoto, 1980). On February 26, 1930, Calkins died of inoperable cancer, one year after retiring from Wellesley as a Research Professor and turning over that department to Eleanor Gamble. Her teaching career spanned forty two years. She died with two honorary degrees, a doctor of letters from Columbia University and a doctor of laws from Smith College. However, she never received the degree that she worked for at Harvard. In 1927 a group of Harvard alumni petitioned the president of Harvard requesting that the university grant Calkins her Ph. D. , but they were denied (Furumoto, 1980).